Exploring room temperature polaritons in 2d perovskite systems

The ability to control light at the quantum level has long been constrained by the need for cryogenic temperatures and complex material systems. Because room temperatures cannot sustain quantum coherence, researchers have traditionally relied on cryogenic set ups and complex machines, despite their cost and size, to stabilize light-matter interactions. Room temperature polaritons offer an interesting alternative. Enabled through 2D perovskite systems, these polaritons form under ambient conditions, where the materials’ unique optical and structural properties naturally support strong coupling. As a result, room temperature 2D perovskite systems are paving the way to accessible, high-performance quantum photonic technologies

Examining Room Temperature Polaritons

Light interacting with matter inside a material can produce new hybrid particles called polaritons. They form when photons, particles of light, strongly couple with excitons, bound electron-hole pairs, in a semiconductor material, like a 2D perovskite. If the interaction is sufficient to overcome system losses, it generates two new hybrid energy states: upper and lower polariton branches. The newly formed polaritons inherit properties from both light and matter, enabling fast propagation and intense interactions.

At high densities, polaritons can condense into a single quantum state, producing coherent emission. Known as polariton condensation, the process resembles lasing but operates through bypassing the need for population inversion. This phenomenon has now been observed at room temperature within 2D perovskite systems, where robust light-matter interactions occur naturally in ambient environments.

How 2D Perovskite Systems Make Room Temperature Polaritons Possible

2D perovskite systems, particularly Ruddlesden–Popper structures, are well suited to room temperature polariton formation. The systems consist of stacked inorganic layers functioning as quantum wells, separated with organic spaces that help confine excitons and enhance their interaction with light. Several intrinsic properties of 2D perovskite materials make them useful for supporting polaritons at room temperature, including:

• High exciton binding energies: stabilizing excitons at room temperature
• Large oscillator strengths: boosting photon–exciton interaction
• Internal dielectric contrast: allowing intrinsic optical feedback
• Solution-processability: facilitating scalable, low-cost fabrication

A physical environment can be produced where strong coupling emerges due to the properties of 2D perovskites working in tandem. Such intrinsic compatibility is what makes 2D perovskite systems central to the realization of room temperature polaritons and their integration into practical photonic devices.

Producing Room Temperature Polaritons in 2D Perovskite Microcavities

Room temperature polaritons in 2D perovskites are typically generated through embedding thin crystalline layers into optical microcavities designed to match the materials excitonic resonance. Optical microcavities confine light between reflective surfaces, allowing photons to interact repeatedly with the excitons in the perovskite layer. As the energy of the confined photons aligns with that of the excitons, the system enters the strong coupling regime. This produces polaritons, hybrid light-matter quasiparticles, characterized by an energy splitting known as Rabi splitting. The quantum well-like structure of the 2D perovskites enhances exciton binding and optical response, producing ideal conditions for the formation of room temperature polaritons within microcavity structures.

The Uses of Room Temperature Polaritons in 2D Perovskite Systems

Generating room temperature polaritons in 2D perovskite systems has driven the development of compact, energy-efficient photonic technologies that operate under ambient conditions. Polaritons in 2D perovskites require very little power to operate, making them a good fit for integrated polariton lasers in applications including on-chip optics, sensing, and portable devices.

Some additional applications of room temperature polaritons in 2D perovskite systems include:

• Ultrafast optical switches for data modulation
• All-optical logic gates for future photonic computing
• Integrated polariton lasers for on-chip light sources
• Quantum simulators using polariton condensates.

Characterizing Polariton Systems with Micro Raman Spectroscopy

One technique that is essential for studying temperature polaritons in 2D perovskite systems is micro Raman spectroscopy. Utilized to deliver precise control over the structural quality of 2D perovskite materials, micro Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive method that assesses the physical conditions affecting polariton formation and behaviour in 2D perovskite microcavities. When applied to polariton research, micro Raman spectroscopy can:

• Verify crystalline quality and phase stability: confirms the material structure sustains stable excitons for strong coupling

• Map vibrational modes: influences exciton-phonon interactions and polariton coherence

• Detect local degradation: helps identify regions unsuitable for polariton analysis due to laser damage or structural instability.

The capabilities of micro Raman spectroscopy ensure its value in assessing material quality and guiding polariton measurements in 2D perovskite systems at room temperature.

Advancing Room Temperature Polaritons with CRAIC Technologies

CRAIC Technologies supplies micro Raman spectroscopy systems for high-resolution analysis of 2D perovskite materials. The Apollo M™ Confocal Raman Microspectrometer, with its advanced Raman mapping capabilities and tailored optical design, can pinpoint structurally uniform regions and reveal vibrational features relevant to strong coupling. Ergo, it is a practical tool for facilitating the reliable development of room temperature polariton systems. Discover more about how the Apollo M™ Confocal Raman Microspectrometer can support your research by speaking with our specialists today.

References

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2. Ardizzone V, Ballarini D, De Giorgi V, et al. Two-dimensional hybrid perovskites sustaining strong polariton interactions at room temperature. Science Advances. 2019;5(5): doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav9967

3. Shigeto S, Toda S, Wei-Guang Diau E. Mapping of Grain Orientation In Situ of 2D Perovskite Thin Films with Low-Frequency Polarized Raman Microspectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2021;125(51):27996-28003. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c08533.

4. Jokar E, Shigeto S, Toda S, et al. Inter- and Intragrain Inhomogeneity in 2D Perovskite Thin Films Revealed by Relative Grain Orientation Imaging Using Low-Frequency Polarized Raman Microspectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2020;11(10):3871-3876. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00992.

5. Dahod N, France-Lanord A, Grossman J, et al. Low-frequency Raman Spectrum of 2D layered perovskites: Local atomistic motion or superlattice modes?. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2020:153(4):044710. doi:10.1063/5.0012763.